Lucky Jim Analysis Free Essays

The conversation between Dixon and Bertrand is direct and to the point with the use of emotive and, at times, offensive language. For instance, Bertrand uses phrases like your so called mind’ and you dirty little bar- fly, you nasty little Jumped up turf’. In between the speech Amiss is a great observer of human movement and highlights the tension between the two men with the language he uses and the use of short sentences, for example ‘Axon moved a pace nearer’ and ‘he clenched his fists’ and the Impact had hurt them rather’. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucky Jim Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malls describes Bertrand breath as Whistling through his nose’ which accurately depicts he image of someone beginning to get irate. Throughout the passage, out of the two men, Dixon is depicted as more in control and powerful than Bertrand even though being the lesser build of the two men. Bertrand says to Dixon you’re simply not up to my weight. If you want a fight pick someone your own size, then you might stand a chance. ‘ Dixon, by his response, is clearly not threatened by this at all. It could be seen as an empty threat because Bertrand does not expect Dixon to retaliate, but rather simply Just to back down considering their positions. Undeterred by the physical threats, Dixon moves ‘a pace rarer’ and unleashes an articulate and fast moving annihilation of Bertrand character; you’re a twister and a snob and a bully and a fool’. Bertrand Is shown to be clearly stunned by this as he makes ‘no attempt to interrupt’. Dioxins confidence is clearly rallied by the fact that he is armed with the information that Bertrand has been having an affair with Carol Goldsmith. Bertrand physical strength over Dixon is again highlighted by when it says that ‘he came and stood over Dixon’. Amiss adds slight humor to the passage as Dixon attempts to further wind up Bertrand and SSH him over the edge by saying What are we going to do, dance? , still staying fairly calm himself. Bertrand however triggers the fight that he so desires by calling Dixon ‘Sam’. Even then, Dixon Is shown to be more in control as ‘he took off his glasses and put them In his top Jacket pocket’. Malls again uses humor In his depletion of this rather ungainly scene as the two men ‘faced each other on the floral rug’. Malls’ description of the rug as floral creates a contrast with the aggression of the scene and introduces the idea to the reader described as ‘elbows crooked in uncertain attitudes, as if about to begin some ritual f which neither had learnt the cues’. The way the passage is written emphasizes that both men are out of place as one would expect a vocal argument between an artist and a history teacher as opposed to a physical fight. The explosion of the china figurine as it hits the hearth ’emphasizing the silence which fell’ highlights the awkwardness of the scene. In contrast to Dixon controlled manner Bertram is made to look clumsy and a character of ridicule in the way he is shown to ‘Jab’ at Dixon face, loses his balance and is hit hard by Dixon on the larger and more convoluted of his ears’. The reader is to encouraged by the use of this description to feel any sympathy for Bertrand. His language is not eloquent in the same way that Dixon is, but relies more on taunts and school boy retorts like you’ve got it coming’ and ‘I’ll show you’. This threatening and childlike language is very different from Dixon more controlled responses like ‘I’m not the sort to do that’ when Bertrand threatens him if he tells Christine about his indiscretions with Carol. Amiss uses repetition at the end of the passage when Dixon thinks about Bertrand as a ‘bloody old dowser-faced boot-faced totem poll’ and then repeats this insult out odd. The use of repetition is not only humorous but it emphasizes the point and leaves the reader in no doubt with regard to who the winner of this fight is, both on a physical and intellectual level. It is also quite a breakthrough for Dixon, almost more so than when he actually punches Bertrand, as it is the first point in the play when he actually says what he is thinking. The knocking on the door is even described as ‘discreetly applauding this terminology. Dixon is again shown to be a character of strength and control by the way he says ‘Come in’ with ‘reflex promptness’ and appears to be unpleased by the fight. How to cite Lucky Jim Analysis, Papers

Ethical Issues in the Banking Sector-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues in the Banking Sector. Answer: Introduction The report analysis is based on the issues faced by the banking and financial services sector. The different issues that is faced by the banking sector are mainly the ethical issues related to the functions of the bank. The other issues are related to the focus of the sector on sustainability and the analysis of the stakeholders of the financial organizations. The factors of the banking sector that help the banks and other financial organizations to manage the ethics related to the business operations are discussed in detail. The ways by which the business ethics are managed in the banks and other financial institutions is discussed in the report (Cohn, Fehr and Marchal 2014). The ethical issues in the banking and financial industry affect both the banks and the consumers of the financial institutions as well. The perception of the public regarding the unethical ways of business operations performed in a bank is an important factor that affects the banking industry. The main objectiv es of the report are to analyse the ethical issues related to the banks and the financial institutions and thereby the ways by which these issues are handled are also discussed (Hartman et al. 2014). Discussion about the major challenges in the Banking Sector Ethical issues faced by the banking sector The banking and financial sector faces a lot of issues which are discussed further. The self-interest of the bankers is fulfilled at someone elses expense. The focus of the maximization of profits someone shifts from long-term to the short-term basis. The swaps in the banks falls into the category of short-term goals. The income that is generated for the organization in one quarter is given more importance as compared to the long term profits. The other major ethical issues in the banking industry is the way by which the banks charge high interest rates from their customers for the money lent by them (Itani and Inyang 2015). This type of practice becomes a burden on the customers of the bank and hence the main principle of the bank that is to protect the money of the customers is not followed. Another ethical issue that is related to the banks is the handling of the assets of the customers that are possessed by the banks. The irresponsible way of lending credits to the customers is a way of business that is not acceptable in moral ways. Some of the banks also invest their money on arms and ammunitions, which include the investments that are done on military industry (Klikauer 2015). However, some of this money is also used for destructive purposes and this is an ethical issue related to the financial industry. The banks or financial institutions which invest in the businesses which do not have any type of planning regarding social responsibilities is another ethical issue in this sector. The companies which cause damage to the society and the environment at large can create an ethical issue regarding the operations of the bank. These are the major ethical issues that are faced by the banking industry and should be taken care by the financial institutions (Kolk 2016). Sustainability issues of the sector The sustainability issues related to the various banking and financial operations are discussed further. The liability of the lenders is related to the risks of the finances of the bank that they have to face while lending money to the customers. The loans granted by the bank and the credit given to the customers is the liability and the risk that they are facing. The ability of the borrowers to make an impact on the environment and cleaning up his or her surroundings also has an effect on the financial position of the person. The concerns regarding the external environment has increased in the last few years and this has led to many changes in the policies and the procedures of the financial institutions. The banks are now investing time and money on their environmental performance (Michaelson et al. 2014). The roles of the financial institutions regarding the environmental sustainability has become much more prominent in the recent times. Major stakeholders of the banking sector The stakeholders of the banks or the financial institutions are mainly those who make the decisions regarding the financial operations so that banks can make profits from these operations. The stakeholders can also be defined as someone who has a stake in the decisions and the operations of the banks. There are many types of stakeholders of the banks and other financial corporations which are discussed further. The owners of the organizations or the shareholders are the major stakeholders as they invest their own money in the business venture (Ogbari et al. 2016). The return they will get on their investment and the dividend received by the shareholders is important for the institution as well. The employees of the organization are also one of the major stakeholders. The performance of the employees in the banks and the financial institutions is directly related to the profits of the bank. The better performance of the employees ensures more profits for the business. This is main rea son for considering the employees as the major stakeholders in todays business environment. The unions of the employees of the banks are also one of the major stakeholders. The increase of salary of the employees and the ways to protect their jobs is dependent on the unions of the employees. The other stakeholders of the banks include the customers. The customers are the ones who have their money in the banks (Prez and Bosque 2015). They help in increasing the revenues and the profitability of the banks and this makes them the major stakeholders. The suppliers of the banks or the financial institutions can also be termed as the major stakeholders. The prices of the goods and services are dependent on the suppliers as well. The creditors of the banks from where they borrow money are one of the most important stakeholders of the organizations. The government of any particular country or state is also considered to be the stakeholders of the banks. The rates of lending money to the bor rowers and the interest rates are determined by the policies made by the government. This can therefore impact the profitability of the organizations as well (Prez and Rodrguez del Bosque 2014). Factors driving the business ethics of the banking sector The business ethics in the banking sector and the ethical behaviour of the banking professionals are affected by some factors as discussed further. The personal moral or ethical behaviour of the professionals affects the business ethics of the organization. The laws and regulations that are formulated by the government is another factor that impacts the business ethics in the financial sector. The ethical behaviour of the business organizations in the financial sector can be regulated by the policies made by the government. The policies and procedures and the other laws other than those made by the government also impact the ethical behaviour of the organization (Prasad, Kumar and Kapoor 2017). The ethical codes laid by the financial institutions itself is another factor that impacts their business ethics. The business ethics of the company impacts its reputation and goodwill in the market. The social pressure exerted from the external environment of the organization impacts the busi ness ethics of those institutions. The services provided by the financial corporations and their impact on the society at large has an impact on their business ethics. The ethics related to the industry in which the industry is operating is another factor that affect the business ethics of the banks and the financial institutions as well (Trevino and Nelson 2016). Ways by which managing ethics has helped the financial sector The management of business ethics in the banking sector helped the sector in many ways as discussed further. The basic rights of the employees need to be protected and the rules related to the safety and health of the employees should be followed. This helps in employee satisfaction in the sector. Products, services and the operations of the banking sector needs to be improvised in a continuous basis so that it helps the banks and other financial sectors to attract consumers. The information produced by the financial institutions should be accurate and the business records also need to be true so that the consumers are not mislead and this helps the banks to increase their credibility (Ward et al. 2015). The institution should be open to any type of competition and should not undertake wrong ways to counter the competition, this will help the banks to increase the trust vested on them by the customers. The procedures and policies of the organization needs to be updated on a regular b asis to align them with the government rules, so that the financial institutions can gain profits from the government policies. The personal data and records of the customers of the banks and the other financial institutions should be maintained properly and should not be used in wrong ways, this will help the banks to protect the privacy of their consumers. Conclusion The report can be concluded by saying that the ethical issues related to a business are important for the proper functioning of the organization and its profitability as well. The ethical principles laid by the organizations help in creating their image in the market and the ways by which they conduct business operations helps in attracting customers. The banking and the financial corporations also need to take care of the environmental sustainability issues of the industry so that they can conduct their operations in a profitable manner. It can therefore be said that the ethical behaviour of the financial institutions have an impact on their reputation and sustainability. References Cohn, A., Fehr, E. and Marchal, M.A., 2014. Business culture and dishonesty in the banking industry.Nature,516(7529), pp.86-89. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Itani, O.S. and Inyang, A.E., 2015. The effects of empathy and listening of salespeople on relationship quality in the retail banking industry: The moderating role of felt stress.International Journal of Bank Marketing,33(6), pp.692-716. Klikauer, T., 2015. Public finance, the financial industry, ethics and efficiency.Journal of Economics and Public Finance,1(1), p.10. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M.G., Grant, A.M. and Dunn, C.P., 2014. Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.77-90. Ogbari, M.E., Oke, A.O., Ibukunoluwa, A.A., Ajagbe, M.A. and Ologbo, A.C., 2016. Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics: Implications on Corporate Performance.International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues,6(3S). Prez, A. and Bosque, I.R., 2015. How customer support for corporate social responsibility influences the image of companies: Evidence from the banking industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(3), pp.155-168. Prez, A. and Rodrguez del Bosque, I., 2014. Customer CSR expectations in the banking industry.International Journal of Bank Marketing,32(3), pp.223-244. Prasad, N., Kumar, V. and Kapoor, S., 2017. Business Ethics: A Decision Between Right or Wrong.Journal of Public Policy Environmental Management,1(1), pp.20-30. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Ward, S., Killingsworth, S., Leigh, A., Meyer, A.S., Van der Heyden, L. and Weights, P., 2015. Ethics in Business.Business Compliance,4(3-4), pp.75-91.

How to Break Bad Habits Essay Example

How to Break Bad Habits Essay How To Break Bad Habits Everyone has bad habits that they need to break. Some people may realize it and others may not. Breaking a bad habit is something that can be hard to do but you have to put yourself to the test. Like me for example Im always on the phone or texting my boyfriend throughout the whole day. Its cool and all but I need to cut that down a bit. Nobody needs to be talking or texting their girlfriend or boyfriend for a whole day unless its really important. I have four tips that can help you break your bad habits. You just have to put your mind to it and try not to over think yourself or get stressed out. The first tip is to have a friend join you in this challenge. Doing this challenge alone can be stressful and sometimes you would give it up before you even started. Having someone experiencing the same thing as you can be helpful. You both can help each other set goals that the both of you would want to reach. Having a friend do this challenge with you is good start and can make things very interesting. It can be like a little competition between the both of you. When having another person to do the challenge with you will be more motivated and willing to go all way to the end. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Break Bad Habits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How to Break Bad Habits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How to Break Bad Habits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Motivation is always needed if you want to accomplish this challenge. The second tip is to set a goal for yourself. Having a goal is what let you know what you have your mind set on. Without a goal you wouldnt really be knowing what you want to accomplish from this challenge. Self improvement tips is always needed. Sometimes when you have self improvement tips that goal that you set for yourself seems to really come into place. Its like once you have set your mind to that goal you are determined to accomplish it. Focusing on your goal will help keep your mind set on one thing. That one thing would be to succeed and not be a failure. The third tip is to figure out how you started this bad habit. A bad habit always start from somewhere and there is always a reason. People tend to over look their bad habit and forget how it even started. Figuring out how your bad habit can be hard to do sometimes and can take time to think about. After you figured it out the cause it can help you overcome that habit or addiction. You always have to start from the beginning in order to get your answer. Sometimes people dont know how their habit started. I guess this is why its so hard for people to to try and break their bad habits. The last tip to breaking a bad habit would be replacing your bad habits with good habits. For all the bad habits you are trying to get over replace them with good habits. Substituting bad habits with good ones is a good start. Eventually you would find yourself doing more good then bad. After while your it would seem like you didnt even have any bad habits from the start. When having good habits replace the bad ones, its like a way of deleting the bad things out your life. You can say bye bye to the bad habits and hello to the good habits. These four tips are very good to use and is easy to follow. Breaking out of a bad habit can be hard to do at times. Its just you just have to put your mind to and be willing to go through a little change in your life. Remember to always try and break your bad habits when you have the chance. Dont always overlook them cause that can cause trouble. You know that saying once you turn black you dont go back. Well I guess you can say the same for breaking bad habits. Once you break your bad habits and replaced them with new ones, theres no way to want to turn back.

Essential Foundations of the Public Relations

Essential Foundations of the Public Relations Introduction Over the last three decades, a lot of scholarly research has been accomplished in the field of public relations. The framework under which the early researches were based on has, however, in the modern day, faced a lot of criticism with the majority of the critics claiming that the PR model of communication presents a two way communication, which stands out as utterly symmetrical (Karla 177).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Foundations of the Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early scholars set subtle grounds for the subsequent researches. In their natures, these foundations have taken rigid dominance in the theorization of the public relations’ scholarly researches. This dominance has served to give rise to pros and cons of the initial and hence the traditional theories of public relations. One specified pro of the theories stems from the fact that, over the years such t heories have undergone numerous tests, with most of the scholars confirming their claims. Consequently, the theories have remained in force and viable within a wider public spectra. In line with this argument, Karla claims that, â€Å"dominant research theories are furthered and new theories emerge† (178). If, an organization has to excel in its public relations endeavours, a prerequisite is placed on it to change its behaviours and approaches to the discipline so as to become part and parcel of the organization’s â€Å"dominant coalition or decision making body† (Karla 179). In this context, therefore, a magnificent endeavour of the early, PR theorist was to enhance professionalization of the PR (Grunig 29). Conflicting roles of the PR professional have also been registered with some scholars claiming that, PR managers have, at times, concentrated in execution of duties, which could have otherwise been delegated to the technical PR staff. As a repercussion, the PR concerns may be argued as a represented differently in theory and actual practice. More recently a lot of enthusiasm has emerged especially in attempts to scrutinize the position of PR in an organization as part of the management function. According to Curtin and Gaither, there exists four main criticisms of the paradigm of the public relations: â€Å"the definition of public relations as a management function; the reliance on functional, transmission models of communication; the emphasis on organizational-level theory; and the failure to recognize the primacy of power in relationships† (110).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The emerging perspectives about the new media have given rise to lots of enthusiasm in some quarters. This paper seeks to scrutinize whether the existing enthusiasm to the new media is justifiable, explore the various implications, on the one hand, public relations practice relating to traditional media and on the other for, long term future of those media. However, to explore this topic, endeavours are made to unveil whether, if anything is distinctive about new media technologies from a PR practitioner’s perspective and what benefits to PR practice they bring. The critics of the PR are also essential to be given a glance especially those which attribute it to profit making endeavours. New media technologies from a PR practitioner’s perspective and the benefits they bring to PR practice From a wider perspective, there exist no broad distinctions between traditional media and the new media (social media) in terms of relations. In case of traditional media, â€Å"practitioners identify reporters and editors and build relationships with them in order to get client news disseminated† (Horton 5). On the other hand, in the social media, the main objective of the practitioner is to identify lik ely influential participants and the rest of the approach is just like in the traditional media: build relationships for the purposes enhancing communication. Opposed to the old media technologies such as the newspaper, radio or television, the emerging technologies such as face book or twitter are more essentially social based. Horton posits that, â€Å"newspapers are withering; net work television has watched audiences decline, radio is splintered and magazines are shrinking† (1). On the other hand, more human traffic in social networks is on the rise. Consequently, with this form of trends in communication, PR practitioners have no choice other than shifting to new media means of communication, particularly with the number of the reporters of the traditional medial escaping from their traditional occupations. Despite incredible call for change with time, the new media pose lots of challenges especially in terms of effectiveness and efficacy in communication. One evident ch allenge is that, the initial attempts to departmentalize communication have altogether been eroded. In fact, â€Å" the public and the universal nature of social media means that all the audiences can read communication intended for any one communication† (Horton 1). As a way of compounding this problem, practitioners are always unsure that the communication reaches all the intended audiences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Foundations of the Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is perhaps due to existences of communication fragmentations in case the practitioner opts for the new media to deliver messages. As Horton observes, â€Å"social media are so fragmented that an individual may not see the information in a blog or a face book page or tweet† (1). In actual sense the new media, serves to disperse information just like some traditional media for instance newspapers and magazines would do. The fact that some information was posted in a newspaper does not guarantee that the target audience would read it. This is what new media serves to propagate on a large scale globally. However, through perhaps deployment of mathematical concepts of probability, it standouts more likely to read some article in a newspaper than it would to read it in a social media carrying millions of blogs. Consequently, it may be argued that, the new media worsen the problem of information dispersion. Furthermore, new media ensures information accessibility, but does not provide a warrant that the information will be viewed. In actual sense, an immense effort by a practitioner to reach a wide range of audiences turns out as of little results due to the evident communication fragmentation in the new media. Despite the existence of technologies that permit an individual to determine the influence of a certain blog posted on a social media site, such techniques are been argued as not straight forward. Such technologies enable one to determine the nature of friends who are subscribed to a new media site such as face book or twitter. Unfortunately, none of such technologies provide a warrant that one would reach the audience that he or she is targeting. Worse still, there exists no bureau that can carry out auditing of the information under circulation through the social networks. Additionally, social media present a challenge in terms of information distribution time. According to Horton, â€Å" to use social media effectively requires learning ones way into each medium and building trust with participants, do campaigns and clients allow one to spend that form of time† (2). Social media demands the practitioner to have established a relationship with the audience. Unless the practitioner had had communicated with such audience for some time before, to orient the audience so as to embrace his or her attention, it would clearly call for commitment of a l ot of time: something that may not be so desirable from the practitioner’s perspective point of view.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Horton comments, â€Å"agency practitioners especially face the challenge of communication timing because they often work on multiple accounts in different industries† (4). However, such challenges need not make a practitioner rule out the possibilities of using social media in communication since rewards exists in employment of the new media in communication. As Spicer notes, â€Å"Facebook users build audiences of like minds and interests and thus one can reach these self-identified audiences with a laser-like focus to communicate client messages effectively and efficiently† (115). New media circulates information without an individual’s knowledge, something that serves as an additional advantage especially bearing in mind that the message sent will not require the practitioner to pay for such circulations. Critique of public relations Over the years, several critiques have been advanced in relation to public relations. Many of these critiques see public re lations as a profit making administrative endeavour opposed to the perceived intents of improvement of the service delivery. Miller and Dinan see public relations as, â€Å"a means of taking risks out of democracy† (11). To them the perceived risks entail seeking a mechanism of taking full control of a pool of workers. The modern public relations consequently, seems to stem from the need to extend such functions of the public relations in an attempt to constitute â€Å" a cutting edge of campaigns to ensure liberal democratic societies do not respond to the will of people and the vested interests prevail† (Miller and Dinan 12). In this context, PR is depicted as propaganda oriented form of democracy. New media technologies may not thus escape criticism especially when PR concerns are incorporated into it. Somewhat some of the criticism that is crucial to consider includes the ones raised by Carl Byoirs. Carl Byoirs was particularly interested in adoption of third parti es techniques deemed subtle for the manipulation of the public debates. â€Å"Front groups could be created by influencing the leaders of the co-placement group and by forming new fronts† (Grunig White 57). In this context, media is viewed as a tool of manipulation and subversion of the reality. Unfortunately, Byoirs practices were nothing to be acceptable before the eyes of the law, and when the whistle was blown on his activities between n 1930 and 1940s, his firm was convicted and charged $5,000. Since the times of Byoirs, according to Miller and Dinan, â€Å"manipulation and deceit have been the defining characteristics of the public relation s industry† (12). Conventionally, many critics of the PR are inclined to the opinion that PR is executed for some vested interests mainly by large corporations of which media may not be segregated from them. Scrutinizing the clientele of any successful PR firm reveals that the majority of its clients are the large corporation s. This has consequences of creation of imbalances between the citizens and the tools of the propulsion of the economies through production: corporations. Its practice â€Å"is not open and transparent about its means or even about its clients and interests it is working for† (Miller and Dinan 13). However, it needs not be taken that all PR practitioners consciously lie despite the fact that PR calls for some means of the management of cognitive dissonance (Miller and Dinan 13). More importantly, in as much as the association of PR with desires to lie, it is evident that public interests and the private interests hardly get directly congruent. As Maloney observes, â€Å" corporate spin doctors and agencies consequently have no choices rather than lying unconsciously since their job entangles at the most basic level, an attempt to align the sectional interests of their principles (employers or clients) with general interests† (30). The idea here is not to arrive at the conclusion that PR endeavours are geared toward conspiracy. The argument is all about the ideas of the PR firms to equate the private and public interests, which result to negative repercussions to the public interests aspects, since by the fact that this two interests are not similar, more often than not, public interests get undermined. PR also is considered by its critiques as aimed at subversion of the clients interests opposed to its disguised intents of promotion of democratic debates. On the other hand, Bernays feels that, PR faces a given draw back since, â€Å"corporate social responsibility and other ethical activities are all subordinates to the corporate strategy, and that it has played a crucial role at the cutting edge of corporate power in the neoliberal revolution† (67). In this context, it may be argued that in as much as corporations may be doing marvellous from one front, in some other front, it may stand out evident that they are attempting to safeguard th eir vested interests which do not necessarily conform to the interests of the public. As a way of example, during the case of involvement of the shell corporation in the international chamber of commerce, â€Å"mantra heard from devotees about building the business case for CSR is about more than making money out of ethical and green activities as a tool to ensure binding regulation is resisted and indeed rolled back† (Miller Dinan 10). Corporations, on the other hand, have proactively involved themselves in campaigning for the media and political partisans giving rise to neoliberal concerns. New media, despite its illustrious championed efforts to make sure that it provides a better representation of the public concerns through refraining from political partisans and campaigning for political elites, suffers from the need to protect and quest for some of its own vested interests. Such vested interests with political attachments ensure the continued presence of a firm in the communications market, since political institutions contribute, by far, in promotions of those firms that are inclined to their affiliations. It is particularly intriguing for media to take opposing stands to the political regimes which by far will affect their future performance. This reason may perhaps prompt the PR approached in the management of the new media to borrow widely from the traditional media practices and carry on the attempts to maintain public in some form of disguised lies: all with the intent to protect the firm’s own vested interests. New media concerns are more driven by the spirit of change. Given that PR plays pivotal roles in the management of the human resource, the inclusion of PR â€Å" as a communicative consequence of business, interests and case group activity â€Å" (Miller Dinan 25) may not be isolated from such endeavours. However, communication acts a vital tool available to the PR to enhance inculcation of spirit of fame in an attempt to get things done. Look, for instance, the main responsibilities of PR in any organization. It is charged with conflicts resolution, motivation and handling of disputes emanating from the firm and the worker’s unions of the organization in question. Through its well organized structures of communication, the PR has to ensure that its strategies gets a competitive advantage amongst the parties involved in conflict if at all it has to provide foundations, which are vital to ensure the problem being handled will not repeat itself in future. This approach is widely criticized as geared towards prejudicing the spirit of democracy among the workers since, it seeks to convince perhaps without adequate grounds on why such solutions are necessary. According to Miller and Dinan, â€Å"†¦..International communication is another activity that fits only partially within the definition of PR as a measure to ensure competitive communication advantage† (25). Some of the inclusions comprise internal communications, workers motivations, and reward systems among others. Majority of these tasks are constructed by two main interests: employer and the employees. The question remains; what side is more favoured. Is firm in question; created to make profits for the benefit of the employer or to make a profit for the purposes of provision of employment opportunities to the employees? According to Bernays â€Å" public opinion, narrowly defined is the thought of a society at any given time toward a given object; broadly conceived, it is the power of a group to sway the larger public in its altitude† (p.1). Given the ability of the PR to accomplish swaying action to the general workforce, it is evident that claims that the PR is responsible for manipulation bear substance. Aims and objectives of PR and media industries in the wider media landscape Just like any other professional discipline, public relation has a specified scope of tasks. In a broader sense, pub lic relations practitioners fall into two categories. The first category is dominated by those practitioners who see themselves as communication managers, and the other sphere being constructed by PR practitioners who see themselves as technicians of the communication. As Berkowitz and Ilias lament, â€Å" within these two groups, the managers role has been broken down into two subgroups related to how a communication manager fits into organizational process† (102). Some studies such the one conducted in 1989 by Belz et al reveal that journalistic roles are evident in both the public relations practitioners and the journalists. However, the other hand both the journalists and the public relations practitioners held a different opinion on matters concerning roles, aims, and responsibilities of public relations (130). From a wider perspective, the differences are traceable from existing socialization and the education between the two practices. â€Å"Some studies have found th at media organizations and the journalistic practices taking place are linked to journalists perceived roles† (Berkowitz Ilias 104). Furthermore, Berkowitz and Ilias are to the opinion that, â€Å"the actual differences among journalists are likely much smaller than the differences among public relations practitioners subscribing to mangers or technician roles† (104). As priory mentioned, public relations practitioners essentially assume the roles of communication managers and communication technicians. However, Leichty and Springston perceive this as a traditional dichotomy of PR roles and alternatively proposes four roles accorded to the PR practitioners: â€Å" generalists, the internals, the outliers and traditional managers† (467). However, by careful scrutiny of these four roles, it is evident that the traditional managers roles assume remarkably little technical roles and hence it can remain as a significant sub division of the roles of the PR by its own. On the other hand, the other three roles are more of technical oriented. Consequently, their classification into one group: technical roles are perhaps still valid. As a result, the classification of roles of the PR following the Leichty and Springston criteria is barely a further division of the original traditional PR dichotomy into some further categories. Managerial roles are more of affiliated to making of decisions and policies within an organization that houses the practitioners. According to Berkowitz Ilias, â€Å" practitioners enacting the managers roles predominantly make policy decisions and are held accountable for the program success or failure† (111). Such practitioners are charged with the responsibilities of arriving at decisions that have long term repercussions to a firm as opposed to short term solution of problems, which are predominantly technical in nature. In addition, such roles entangle analysis, anticipations coupled with clarification and attachm ent of meanings to the public opinions, issues and altitudes which are subtle tools for cute departmental and overall performance of an organization. Managers are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that objectives and the goals of an organization are set appropriately in direct congruence with the organizations long term philosophies. Within, the peripheral departments of a firm, encounters are made of PR practitioners charged with the enactment of technical PR roles. According to Dozier, â€Å" technicians do not participate in management decision making but only make program decisions necessary to internal functioning of their departments† (76). In fact, the widest spectra of responsibilities entail conduction of low level organizational operational matters aimed at ensuring cute implementation of policies and decisions stemming from the management team. More often than not, technical practitioners are engaged in activities such as provision of services like media contracting, writing, publications productions and photocopying among other roles that do not involve long term decision making tasks. Perhaps a different aspect of the PR practitioner’s roles vital to consider, are those roles stemming from the practitioners education and organizational environment (Dozier 1992; Ehling 1992). On his part, Dozier strongly believes that PR practitioners may be in a large part lack and fail, to fulfil their professional roles as anticipated with consequences of some of the practitioners likely to be characterized by semi professionalism (45). Such professionals are more likely to be worse affected by bureaucratic norms. In most of the situation they evidently lack professional autonomy in the execution of their duties partly due to dwindled endowment with supervisory powers. To this end, Ryan and Martinson think that lack of clarity in terms of roles anticipations is fuelled by the practitioners lack of common agreement of what the PR professio n is all about and perhaps what it needs to embrace (91). Conclusion Over the years, especially in the last three decades, a lot research has been done in the subject of the public relations. The paper characteristically identifies these researches as essential foundations of the public relation concerns, which, in fact, have formed the basis of the existing modern criticisms of the profession. The criticisms in turn, have given rise to an immense enthusiasm to scrutinize the roles of the public relations especially when the other spectrum of the inputs of the new media is incorporated. In as much as the new media is beneficial in terms of promotion of ease of information accessibility, the paper claims that information accessibility does not necessarily translate to practical information viewing. The demerits of the new media have consequently been addressed by asserting that the new media has a specified challenge in terms of ensuring effective and efficient communication, has tim e limitations and departmentalization or rather information flow regulation. Amid these limitations, new media has been discussed as a vital tool for practitioners communication particularly where relationships with the target audience is priory established. The paper also has also made some attempts to introspect the various criticisms of the public relations. Finally, the roles and objectives of public relations have been given a through treat by dividing the entire sphere of public relation roles into two broad groups: managerial and technical roles. Through observation of differences in the scholar’s perceptions of the roles and practices of the public relations, which stem right from the traditional approaches to the modern hefty criticisms, evidently, subtle information is available to justify the existing enthusiasm for new media evident in some quarters. Belz, Arthur et al. â€Å"Using role theory to study cross perceptions of journalists and public relations practi tioners.† Public relations research annual 1.1 (1989): 125-139. Berkowitz, Dan Ilias, Hristodoulakis. â€Å"Practitioner Roles, Public Relations Education, and Professional Socialization: An Exploratory Study.† Journal of Public Relations Research 11:1 (1999): 91-103. Bernays, Edward. Manipulating public opinion: the way and the how. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. Curtin, Arthur, Gaither, Kenneth. Privileging identity, difference, and power: The circuit of culture as a basis for public relations theory. Journal of Public Relations Research 17.3 (2005): 91–115. Dozier, Douglas. The organizational roles of communications and public relations practitioners. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 1992. Ehling, Walter. â€Å"Public relations education and professionalism.† In James. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in public relations and communication management (pp. 439-464). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992. Grunig, James. â€Å" Two-way symmetrical public relations: Past, present and future.† In Lawrence Heath (Ed.), Handbook of Public Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001. Grunig, James White Jon. The Effect of World Views on Public Relations Theory and Practice: Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992. Horton, James. â€Å"Public Relations and Social Communication.† Journal of Public Relations 31.7 (2009) 1-6. Karla, Gower. â€Å"Public Relations Research at the Crossroads.† Journal of Public Relations Research 18.2 (2006): 177-190. Leichty, Gabriel, Springston, Johnson. â€Å"Elaborating public relations roles.† Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 73.5(1996): 467-477. Maloney, Kelvin. Rethinking Public Relations: PR, Propaganda and Democracy. London: Routledge, 2006. Miller, David, Dinan, William. Thinker, faker, spinner, spy: corporate PR and the assault on democracy. London: Pluto press, 2007. Ryan, Mart ins, Martinson, Leonard. (1988). â€Å"Journalists and public relations practitioners: Why the antagonism?† Journalism Quarterly 64.13 (1988): 1-140. Spicer, Charles. â€Å"Public relations in a democratic society: Value and values.† Journal of Public Relations Research 12.4 (2000):115–130.

HIST - American History Since 1865 Research Paper

HIST - American History Since 1865 - Research Paper Example It is the legacy of that decision which since 1945 has come to have a variety of interpretations among both laymen and scholars alike. Despite the ensuing controversy, the bombing of Nagasaki was both necessary and militarily expedient. Shortly after the Hiroshima bombing President Truman addressed the American people regarding his decision and the implications it and nuclear weapons would have for the future of the country and the world. †¦It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.2 The President in no uncertain terms sought to justify his decision as one that would prevent the costly use of manpower needed to carry out an amphibious invasion of Japan. This comes as little surprise given that by 1945 some â€Å"7,000 American fami lies had already sacrificed two or more of their boys for freedom.†3 Many Americans had grown tired of the war, then in its fourth year. Truman made it clear that his decision stemmed from the sole desire to utterly destroy and annihilate Japan’s war-making capacity and shock that country into surrender. The decision to bomb Nagasaki therefore was a pragmatic one. Secretary of War at the time, Henry L. Stimson, played a major role in the decision to use the bomb on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A recent biography of Stimson by Prof. Sean L. Malloy has claimed that Stimson took part in the most significant foreign policy decision of the twentieth century: â€Å"to use nuclear weapons against Japan and as a diplomatic tool against the Soviet Union.†4 Revisionist historians have long sought to claim that the use of the bomb was to intimidate the USSR and not due to real military needs. Many historians today look to Truman and Stimson as being the two biggest factors in the decision to use the bomb. They assert the president’s role by virtue of his office and Stimson’s role by virtue of his political influence with the president. Stimson supported both Truman’s reasoning and his decision. The fact that he saw the practical effects of the bomb for diplomatic and political ends after the war is not surprising. Given that the post-war world was shaping up to be one dominated by the US, a weakened Britain, and a war-ready and war-ravaged Soviet Union, men like Stimson (who had far more foreign policy experience than Truman) were well aware of the implications of atomic weaponry. And yet the war in the Pacific Theatre had been an especially sanguine one. This is not to say that the European Theatre was nothing to fret about, after all death and mayhem are, in the end, death and mayhem. Many accounts of American soldiers who fought in both Europe and the Pacific often detail the outright perseverance, refusal to surrender, fight-t il-death mentality of the Japanese as being somehow more pronounced than in other armies’ soldiers. Japanese tenacity was well demonstrated and DOWNFALL (the code name for an invasion of the Japan) assumed a death toll of at least 500,000 and as much as 1 million.5 The unanimity of Japanese defense commanders is striking. Navy and air commanders presided over mere remnants of their forces, but the Japanese spirit, and their suicide devices, still gave them hope. The army, short as it was of fuel, was almost manic because of its powerful defense of

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Barrack Obama's Speech at Cairo - Essay Example Egypt, according to the White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs, was the best choice since it is a nation, according to the United States, that represented the heart of the Muslim World. This remark was made despite Egypt not being at the â€Å"center† of the Islamic world. This was because Egypt besides being considered as playing an integral role in the process of peace making in the Middle East, it was also the best choice of delivering the speech, since it is the major recipient of the American military as well as the economic aid. However, if Obama were to make his speech today, Egypt would have been his last choice. This is because of the recent revolution that took place in overthrowing Mubarak from power. Many reporters such as Ross Colvin of Reuters asserted that the speech was an avenue of mending the relationship that existed between the United States and the Muslim world, which was considered to be severely damaged during the tenure of George W. Bush. In his speec h, Obama centered on six major issues. This paper is going to highlight personal opinion on which of the six was the most important and whether Obama made convincing remarks. Main Highlights of the Speech In his speech, Obama advocated for mutual relations and understanding between the Muslim world and the west, by suggesting that the two entities should be at the forefront in facing violent extremism. Obama acknowledged the fact that there existed tensions between the United States and the Islamic world, which were rooted in historical forces. According to him, the Muslim world and the United States had enjoyed centuries of co-existence as well as co-operation. However, they also faced a lot of conflict of interest and religious wars. In this opportunity, Obama yearned for peaceful co-existence between Israelites and Palestinians. In this regard, Obama vividly affirmed the alliance that the Americans had with the Israelites, which he referred to as an unbreakable bond. Additionally , he was uncomfortable with the aspect of statelessness that prevailed in Palestine by terming it as being intolerable. Consequently, Obama recognized the Palestinian aspirations for attaining a stable state that enjoy dignity and legitimacy, which he figuratively equated to the Israel’s desire for a Jewish homeland. As pinpointed earlier in this paper, Obama’s speech was subdivided into six main areas that included violent extremism, the dispute between the Palestine and Israel, nuclear weapon, religious freedom, rights of women as well as economic development. According to me, of the six main areas of his speech, the main aspect was that of violent extremism. This is because almost all other points of the speech can be channeled towards violent extremism. For instance, the dispute between the Palestine and Israel, nuclear weapons, religious freedom and rights of women can all be summed up to lead to violent extremism. Obama tackled this issue categorically in the spe ech by advocating for a level ground between the Muslims and the United States. He commenced by giving a quote from the Quran that calls for Muslims to be conscious of God and to always speak the truth. The issue of violent extremism, according to me, was an important aspect because it affects almost