History of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Psychology - Essay Example Same is with the study of different kinds of areas of education. Psychology is a kind of social science that has emerged to be one of the prime aspects of life today. All the marketing activities are revolving around the concepts of psychology which have evolved over the last 100 years. The research and development that has taken place has multiplied with each passing year. All the fundamental aspects of human life and functioning are now explained through the various concepts of psychology. Hence psychology has become an integral part of our lives. The type and extent of research that was done at the start of 1900s was different from what it is today. Methods of research are increasing, and developing; providing room for improvement to the research that was already present. Also the theories and concepts which were popular in the start were not as important as more concepts were coming as research was growing. A cross-sectional analysis of the studies which were conducted in two different time frames would provide one with a better picture regarding the difference of opinions, topics and concepts in different eras. For this purpose, two articles have been chosen pertaining to different eras of the 1900s. Thorough analysis of these articles would help us understand the evolution of research and concepts in psychology. The first article that has been chosen was published in 1914 in the Psychological Bulletin/ Psychological Review Company, named as "Psychology of religion". This article was written by Elsworth Faris and advocated the different concepts prevailing regarding religion in the world and their linkage to the psychology of human beings. The other article was chosen from the same journal but published in 1958. The opening remarks from the symposium on relationships between religion and mental health, delivered by Herman Fiefel, were chosen to be analyzed. Like the previous article this article also talks about the relationship between religion and its effect on the mental state of mankind. (Faris, 1914) To start off with, religion has a fundamental link with the mental health and stability of a person. It has been established that believing in the presence of the unknown power above us helps us to live better/accountable lives in this world. It makes us responsible for our actions and can help make the world a better place. This topic has been discussed and researched upon over the years by scientists and results have shown linkage between the two aspects of life. While going through the first article, one notices that the common concept of psychology and religion, pragmatism, is being discussed; the fact that at that time all the concepts were considered important only when they were proved. Pragmatism talks about the purposes behind everything and not a single purpose; it strives to prove to concepts. In the article, the author believes that the faith Christianity is the epitome of the riddle of existence. Although the article clearly mentions that education is an important factor in the development of sound religious concepts. Education helps the person identify with the key facts of the religion; these facts are the presence of a single power which can help them with thing; the fact that they will be offered redemption, the existence of evil and the presence of self-esteem of man. These beliefs are

Purification Planning for Sole Proprietor Case Study

Purification Planning for Sole Proprietor - Case Study Example This way a company or a sole proprietor can reduce Paid-up Capital through a payment and the qualifying shares are subsequently sold to arm's length party. This paper tries to answer the question as to whether Mr. Edward Lau, a Canadian Resident, who is the sole shareholder of Cell City is qualified to avail the CGD when he sells his shares. Mr. Edward wants to sell his shares and thus the tax implications have been examined. An analysis of all the possible tax issues that will be raised, and how to overcome it is being discussed in this paper. It is vital to do this kind of planning by Cell City sooner rather than later. The planning becomes more complicated and risky, and probably, more expensive, if such planning is contemplated on the eve of a sale. Mr. Edward Lau, a Canadian Resident, is the sole shareholder of Cell City and has been since its inception. Cell City owns 100% of common shares of Space, which consist of 100 shares with a Paid up Capital (PUC) and an Adjusted Cost Base (ACB) of $50,000. Edward has never claims a Capital Gain Deduction (CGD). Edward has received an offer for his shares in Cell City. Before making his decision, he requests our advice on all the tax consequences resulting from such a decision. He informs us that Cell City has exited since 1989 and that the balance sheet for both corporations has remained substantially the same for the last three years. The balance sheets as at August 31, 2009, are presented below: Cell City: FMV Cost Treasury Bills 150,000 150,000 Shares of public corporations 100,000 75,000 Shares-Space 1,000,000 50,000 1,250,000 275,000 Share Capital 100 Retained Earnings 1,249,900 1,250,000 Space: FMV Cost Loan to Broke Ltd. 300,000 300,000 Land 100,000 75,000 Building 700,000 425,000 Equipment 400,000 600,000 Goodwill 150,000 0 1,650,000 1,400,000 Liabilities 50,000 Mortgage 600,000 Share Capital 50,000 Retained Earnings 950,000 1,650,000 The value of goodwill is reflected in the Fair Market Value (FMV) of retained earnings. Broke Ltd. is not related to Space and the loan does not bear interest it is controlled by a friend of Edward Lau. Edward Lau has asked us to explore the rules applicable to purification planning, identify situations that may come under the provisions of the rules, and determine the tax consequences. Then the provisions of the ITA that allow the Capital Gains Deduction (CGD) to be claimed on disposal of shares in a Canadian-Controlled Private Corporation (CCPC) and qualified assets are also analyzed. This is a significant benefit, since using the CGD serves to reduce Edward Lau's tax bill. This paper will determine taxpayers' tax liability and regulatory requirements and exposure. Tax implications of proposed and completed transactions are evaluated and analyzed and tax-planning issues are discussed. Business decisions in their legal context, along with preparing and advising on contract structure and enforcement is discussed. The first section of this paper looks at the background of Cell City.

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Example for Free

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay In the human services field, personal ethical belief systems combined with professional ethics work in partnership to guide human service professionals in unraveling ethical dilemmas. An increasing number of professionals and clients seek out to define the fundamental policies of the human services field. Humans develop an integration of values, standards, and beliefs from birth throughout life. The values, standards, and beliefs developed through life assist in characterizing personal ethical belief systems. Our personal ethical belief system unites with our professional ethics to shape the ethical decision-making process. A code of ethics is essential to organizations in the human services field. A code of ethics identifies adequate behavior, endorses high standards of practice, supplies a standard to use for self assessment, and establishes a structure for professional behaviors and responsibilities. Human service professionals promote the integrity and ethics of the profession. As a result, it is crucial for a human service professional to stay educated and knowledgeable of the theoretical basis of their ethical belief system, other theoretical ethics, ethical and legal issues, and the ethical principles of their organization. Every person possesses a core system of values. My personal ethical belief system is derived from my core system of values, the people who helped shape those values, and the decision-making factors I use today to improve them as necessary. My parents, educators, Sunday schoolteachers, preachers, administrators, God, leaders, and many others in the community help shape my values and provide the basis for my ethical belief system. I articulate values in my associations with other people when I am loyal, reliable, honest, generous, trusting, trustworthy, feel a sense of accountability for my family, friends, coworkers, community, country, and the organization where I volunteer. My parents taught me to be a Christian person and to do what is morally right in the eyes of God. I met troubled times throughout my life, but I believe because of my strong morally sound background I could take those experiences and learn from them. My parents remain amazing role models in my life. I attend church and praise God every week as a reminder of why I keep my moral values and belief system close and dear to me. I choose to continue my education on many aspects in my life to assist in governing decision-making factors. As a proud citizen of America, I realize the discrepancy relating to laws and ethics. A law is a decree or government rule prepared to punish those whom disobey. Laws are consistent, universal, published, accepted, and enforced. Ethics is a sense of what is right and wrong morally. However, there is a difference between ethics and morality. According to Anstead, S. M. (1999), â€Å"Morality refers both to the standards of behavior by which individuals are judged, and to the standards of behavior by which people in general are judged in their relationships with others. Ethics, on the other hand, encompasses the system of beliefs that supports a particular view of morality. † The law often integrates ethical standards to which society subscribes. Most ethical decisions come with extensive penalties, numerous alternatives, varied results, unsure and personal consequences. My belief system is derived from my confidence that there is more to reality than what we see. I have faith in a spiritual side of reality beyond what we can see or experience. The basis of my ethical belief system comes from my values and those whom attributed to those values including my life as a believer in God and as a Christian. My metaphysiological view of theism supports my views of ethical absolutism. I found this quote interesting and supportive of my ethical belief system. According to Worldview Dictionary (2011), â€Å"Ethical absolutism is the belief that right and wrong are unchanging, not determined by the individual or the culture; revealed by God through both general and specific revelation. † Ethical absolutism follows one universal moral standard. God is infinite, everlasting, and never-changing. God set the laws of the land therefore I must abide by what is determined by God as right and wrong. God has revealed this truth through his creation and revelation. God is absolute. God created all people as equals. As a believer in God, I serve him through service to others and my community. I take on responsibilities of helping others in my community, volunteering, and donating goods. At all times I abide by these principles: worship only God, respect people, be humble, be honest, live a moral life, be generous with time, practice my views, do not criticize, judge, or condemn, do not hold a grudge, and forgive others. I believe it is right to resist temptation while knowing that evil lurks around. I believe one-day God will return and seek judgment for his people. To live morally and ethically divine is obligatory to have eternal life. As a person and professional, I understand and acknowledge that not all human beings embrace the same views as me and I respect the views of others. In the human service profession, my personal ethical belief system helps guide the work I do as a volunteer at Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (WCPRC). At WCPRC the mission is to help women make life affirming choices. The services offered are free pregnancy testing, free limited sonograms, adoption referrals, abortion education, abortion recovery programs, and earn while you learn program for baby needs. I chose this organization specifically because it supports my beliefs on pro-life. Pro-life supports my beliefs as a Christian. I advocate providing women with education and alternatives to abortion. According to Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (2012), â€Å"Through the years, Wise Choices, has been able to provide various kinds of help and â€Å"counseling† to the women of Wise County and the surrounding areas. We not only help the client, but family or friends of the client, in regards to the situation the client is facing. We believe we can make a difference in the lives of women, one at a time! As a Christian woman, I think that it is important to help clients who are abortion minded or abortion vulnerable see the opportunities they have to save the life they have created. As an advocate, I ask the client if she would like the opportunity to hear the gospel. If she accepts I can share the love God has for his children including the client and her unborn child. I also have the remarkable chance to ask the client if she wants to accept Jesus as her savior from sins. I explain to my clients willing to accept and hear the gospel that they may ask God to forgive them for their sins. It is also an occasion to talk to my clients about abstinence until marriage. Each of the values listed above guides me to be an advocate for the unborn child who is defenseless in his or her right to life. Often I am met with challenges, such as a woman who is pregnant from rape or incest. It is often hard to explain to a woman with traumatic experiences that it is still important to give birth to their child even in extenuating circumstances. Some of the hardest cases come from a woman who is abortion minded or vulnerable and has no interest in hearing the gospel. I go home and pray for the client, her family, and the unborn child. As a member of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS), the Code of Ethics is an important guidance tool in ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics is a set standard of conduct for human service professionals to consider in the ethical decision-making process. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service professionals respect the integrity and welfare of the client at all times. Each client is treated with respect, acceptance and dignity. Statement two is an ethical principle not difficult to adhere. As a human service professional the integrity and welfare of the client is my duty to advocate. I make a commitment to my client when I become his or her advocate, and that commitment involves seeking the best outcome for the welfare of my client. As a Christian I see all people as equal, and I treat others with respect and dignity at all times. It is important to remem ber that it could be me in the same situation. The NOHS Code of Ethics lists ethical principles that will not be hard to adhere. However, I found a one that might prove to be slightly difficult. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service educators uphold the principle of liberal education and embrace the essence of academic freedom, abstaining from inflicting their own personal views/morals on students, and allowing students the freedom to express their views without penalty, censure or ridicule, and to engage in critical thinking. † The portion of this statement that might be difficult adhering to is inflicting my own personal values if I were a human service educator. I know that I could refrain from inflicting my own personal values, but I find it would be hard. As a Christian, I think it is important to share the gospel and what it means to me. For example in an ethics class students reflect upon their ethical belief systems and where they originated from. I think if I were the educator it would be hard to refrain myself from speaking my own worldviews and morals to other students. However, as a professional it is important to follow the ethical standards set for the organization in which I am an employee, and the NOHS Code of Ethics. A Code of Ethics is guiding principles that apply to different aspects of life. Ethical standards pertain too many of the following general topics: the use of psychological tests in the courtroom, the lie detector, boundaries of competence, integrity, sexual harassment, human differences, and the legal definition of insanity. * The Use of Psychological Tests in the Courtroom- The use of psychological tests in the courtroom to support the testimony of experts ranges from commendable to problematic. There is a necessity for a reasonable practice of disclosure of psychological test information during trials and courtroom procedures, afterwards the material may be sealed. Psychological tests in the courtroom should adhere to ethical standards by telling the truth and not telling truth intentionally inaccurate. In Statement 28 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, human service professional’s responsibility to the profession is to act with integrity and honesty. My ethical belief system incorporates honesty and integrity at all times. The Lie Detector – After researching ethical standards of the lie detector, I found a Code of Ethics from the American Polygraph Association. The ethical standards stated included: rights of examinees, standards for rendering polygraph decisions, post-examination notification results, restrictions on rendering opinions, restrictions on examinations, fees, standards of reporting, advertisements, release of nonrelevant information, restrictions on examination issues, and APA oversight authority. Lie detectors establish the difference between a lie and the truth; if a person has nothing to hide a lie detector should be no problem. Lie detector use brought justice to families over the years, and continues to do so with respect to the rights of all persons who take the lie detector test. As part of my personal ethics it is essential in the justice system. In Statement 35 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, accountability is maintained by the human service professional. * Boundaries of Competence – Human service professionals are only to conduct research, teach, and provide services only within their boundaries of competence, based on personal experience, education, supervised experience, and study. Reasonable steps should be taken to ensure competence in areas emerging and training does not yet exist. My personal ethics system is important to practice my views. This relates to boundaries of competence I would not practice something I did not believe to be true. In Statement 40 of the NOHS Code of Ethics human service educators demonstrate high standards of scholarships and stay current with developments in human services. * Integrity – Accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness is a role all human service professionals abide by. Integrity is something I incorporate in my personal ethical beliefs and value system. Ethically it is wrong to steal, cheat, lie, fraud, or misrepresent a client or a friend. According to American Psychological Association (2012), â€Å"In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques. My belief in God’s written words of the Bible helps shape my ethical view on integrity. Statement five of NOHS Code of Ethics protects the integrity of client records. * Sexual Harassment – Sexual harassment is solicitation, verbal or nonverbal sexual behavior, and sexual advances. All people have a right to earn a living free from persistent and pervasive acts of sexual harassment. It is not right to threaten an employee’s self-worth, esteem, and possible advancement in the workplace. As a professional, conduct should compare to higher standards of integrity and safety in the workplace. Statement 24 of NOHS Code of Ethics states that human service professionals should report unethical behavior of colleagues. My personal ethical beliefs in this situation relate back to my Christianity and the laws of the land that an act of sexual harassment is not acting appropriately in the eyes of God. * Human Differences – Human service professionals create public trust through ethical and moral acts. Human diversity is one of those acts. It is imperative to be culturally sensitive to all individuals at all times. I promise to serve all people with the intent to protect their welfare without judgment of any kind. In my ethical beliefs God is the judge, and he will return to do that one day. Statement two of the Code of Ethics for NOHS says human service professionals treat clients with respect and respect their welfare, and Statement 20 refers to diverse backgrounds. * The Legal Definition of Insanity – In my ethical belief system a person who commits an act out of insanity is still responsible for what he or she has done. It is one’s duty to do what is morally right. Questions of right and wrong are paramount, and therefore as I believe absolute. Statement 37 of the NOHS Code of Ethics addresses the need for lifelong learning, and I relate that to this case as a responsibility the human service professional has to its client, as the person who commits a crime out of insanity has a responsibility to pay the consequences. As a member of Team C throughout this course relating to ethics and law in the human services profession we did a team presentation on deontology theory, as presented earlier in the paper. According to Alexander and Moore (2008), â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). This normative theory concentrates on what she should do from a moral standpoint. Deontology is a theory that helps to guide and access our choices in what we ought to do. † Deontology theory assumes at least three important features. The first feature concludes that duty should be done for duty’s sake. An example, acts of promise breaking, lying, or murder are wrong intrinsically, and it is the duty of humans not to do these things. Second, humans ought to be treated as subjects of intrinsic moral value; meaning an ends in themselves and never as a mere means to another end. The third feature is a moral principle is a definite essential that is universalizable; meaning it must be applicable for everyone whom is in the same moral situation. The theoretical basis of my personal ethical belief system falls under the deontology theory. Deontological theory claims the moral rightness or wrongness of an action does not depend upon the nature of its consequences, but on its intrinsic qualities. Deontology theory was founded by Immanuel Kant. Kant was motivated by the lack of a role for duty in Utilitarianism, something he believed to be the foundation of all morality. Deontology supports moral absolutism. Actions are either moral or immoral regardless of the beliefs of an individual, society, or culture. Morals of the universe are intrinsic in the laws of the universe and the nature of humanity. Therefore, the theoretical basis of my personal belief system as a Christian is supported by deontology theory. My belief in God supports ethical absolutism, deontology, and my personal ethical belief system.

Ethics and Morality Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Morality Essay â€Å"In philosophy we have a problem knowing the origin of right and wrong, there are various theories and ideas but we do not seem to have a definite answer to this question. † By Jamee Ford In life people are brought up in different homes, surrounded by different people and are taught different ways of life. As we grow up we are taught the difference between what is considered right and what is considered wrong, which is based on what is socially acceptable. We learn from a young age how we are expected to behave, the rules we have to abide by given from family and the morals we should have and grow up with. In this society it is difficult to find the origin of right and wrong for there are so many theories and ideas, but yet there is no definite answer. I believe morality comes from us citizens, the law, our feelings and our religion can give a certain indication to how we set our values, but I belive it is an objective fact that what is said to be wrong is wrong and what is said to be right is right. A minority of people believe that morality comes from God. These people have a lot of faith and get their morals and understanding of right and wrong from their belief in god and their bible. For example in the Bible, there are the 10 Commandments, a list of what is acceptable and unacceptable according to God. But what if we don’t believe in god, where would our sense of right and wrong come from? If we can’t change people’s options and feelings on what is right and wrong just by saying that it is acceptable or unacceptable, then why is it okay to say God can. Without god, would their still be morality? Because if god made it acceptable to kill other people, that still wouldn’t make it okay, so I believe this theory is unproven and morality and our right and wrongs can’t come from this theory. Another theory that has brought to the attention of the origin of right and wrong is The ‘Feeling Theory’ and the ‘Boo-hoorah’ theory. The feeling theory is an example of how morality does come from us. We make things right or wrong by approving or disproving of them. If a person has certain feelings about another person’s actions, it is saying something about them. If they disprove of an action, it is considered morally wrong to that person. This theory is people making a claim about what they think; they are claiming whether the action is right or wrong. The ‘Boo-Hoorah Theory’ is another example of how morality comes from us but involves expressing what we think is right or wrong rather than making a claim about it. Something is neither true nor false and according to this theory there is no fact of the matter just an expression of what the person observing thinks. The feeling theory and the boo-hoorah theory are both wrong for everyone is different and raised differently with different beliefs (everyone has different feelings). So technically one person can truly believe that it is okay to kill while another says it’s not okay, these two people are contradicting one another which rules out both theories. Some children are brought up in an abusive home environment; does this mean that morally they think its okay to treat people differently based on how they were raised? All people are raised in a different environment, under different circumstances so if morality comes from us then morality would have to include a whole lot of different views. Another important theory is that morality and our right and wrongs come from the law. Morality and the law often correspond, our morals are what we consider right and wrong, While the law is what has been decided as right and wrong for us. Both murder and stealing are things we consider morally wrong and are also against the law. In the perfect world we all want the law to coincide with morality, but in reality most likely will never be like that. For example drugs are illegal and the law will not accept any sort of behaviour involving drugs, but in some cases people justify that is morally acceptable to deal drugs use it for personal use because of financial situations and pleasure. So they morally justify it in their own head for it to be okay. Even though morality can be guided by the law, helping us understand the differences between right and wrong, morality can’t come from the law, for there are a lot of things the law accept but us civilians see it as wrong. As we can see morality cannot come from the above theories, for they all leave the question of the origin of right and wrong UN answered. I believe that morality comes from us and that things are right and wrong anyway. I believe G. E Moores theory of the extra fact (the six sense) that can detect wrongness. I truly believe this for it is true that there is that something inside of us, guiding us and helping us know what is right and wrong. We don’t necessarily have to be taught about all the wrongs in life to just get that gut feeling that mugging an elderly person is just wrong, why do we feel that? Why don’t we do it? It is because it is something that is just there. Also everyone in the world is different, we all come from different backgrounds and everyone has been brought up differently, in different environments. So therefore we all have different feelings and beliefs, for someone can truly believe that stealing is acceptable, when another thinks it is wrong. Morality is based on how you feel and how you treat people, expecting the same in return; you wouldn’t want someone to hurt you, so why would you want to hurt them. There are no proven facts to where right and wrong comes from but it is something that is just there. It changes over time, and things that were once believed as right are now seen as wrong. So therefore we cannot place judgements for we don’t know what morality and right and wrong will be seen as in ten years time, it’s based you as a person.

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay Italy came into existence in the 9th century BC with Rome as powerful capital. Initially it was consist of Oscan, Umbrains and Latin. It was a huge hub of science, social science and arts. Italy initially was given by Greek settlers. In 2009, the population of Italy has crossed the bar of 60 million. It is the fourth largest populous country in the Europe. And it is the 23rd populous country in world. As far as population density is concerned it has almost 200 persons living in the every square kilometer of Italy. If we go on geographical side then its area is around 301,338 square kilometer. It is divided into 20 administrative regions that includes Abruzzi, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Remagna, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Giulia, Lazio,Valle dAosta, Veneto, Sicilia, Friuli-Venezia and Basilicata. If we come across the birth rate then it is around 9.78 births per second in 1000 people which is comparatively large History Italy has always been popular amongst tourists. People have been visting it for ages but first visit by tourist can be cited as the aristocrats during the Grand Tour. This started in the late 17th century and kept on growing in the 18th century. Rome was especially popular among early tourists due to its reputation of being the capital of powerful and influential Roman Empire. The city was a major attraction and thousand of tourists visited the city every year. People came from Mediterranean, Northern Africa, mainland Great Britain and part of Middle East. Country was also popular as a trading site and traders and merchants came to Italy from several different parts of the world. Italy can be geographically segregated as follows: Northwest Italy This city is famous for the historic cities such as Turin, which is often known as the manufacturing capital of Italy. City of Milan is also situated here. Milan is famous all over the world for being the fashion and business capital of Italy. This part of Italy also includes the important port of Genoa . Northeast Italy This part is also popular among tourists and has many attractive tourists destinations such as cities of Venice, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Trento,, Bolzano, Ferrara, Piacenza and a few others. It also boasts of several mountain ranges such as Dolomites, the Carnic and Julian Alps and very popular ski resorts like Cortina dAmpezzo and Madonna di Campiglio. Central Italy This area includes the major tourists attraction and is one of the most visited amongst others.It includes cities such as Florence ,known as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and also cities with rich cultural heritages such as Lucca are located here. Southern Italy Naples is the most popular tourist destination in this area. It also includes areas such as Amalfi Coast and Ravello,Apulia and the beaches and sights of Calabria.Though this part of Italy is not that popular as a tourist destination but agritourism is changing the face of tourism rapidly and it is increasingly becoming popular. Sicily This is the largest island in the country and a very popular island amongst tourists. It is famous for its archaeology,seascape and Sicilian cuisine. Sardinia These are large islands containing several popular tourist attractions such as beaches and archaeological ruins. Tourism Destination of Italy Since we are more focused on tourist side then certainly it becomes important to us to include the largest populous cities of Italy which are Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo and Genoa. Among other major Italian cities the most populated having more than 250,000 inhabitants are Bologna, Florence, Bari, Catania, Venice and Verona. The national language of Italy is Italian but other regional languages are also spoken on various degrees. We will have different climate from south to north in Italy. We can expect very cold winters and very hot summer with very harsh climate during may. Now there is one more reason why Italy is so famous just because of its famous cuisine like thin and crispy Neapolitan pizza and Sicilian pizza. It is simple and evenly distributed in four to eight integrands. In Italy we use Euro that is equal to 1 US Dollar. In terms of Dinar 1 Euro= 0.33 Kuwait Dinar. Italy has a very higher degree of infrastructure and it is well connected by expressways, national highways, airports and seaports. Overall in Italy we have 136 International Airport and railway system is spread in about 20,000 kilo meters. Virtually all the cities and towns are connected by buses and taxis which moves round the clock. Italy has many charming and unusual towns and historic moments that can be easily tapped in Italy. Italy is one of the modern cities of Europe and it is having secular government. Today nearly one fifth of the population of Italy professes to be either Atheists or Agnostics, while much of the remainder of people in Italy who do profess any religion. Italians are warm, welcoming people who love to relax, celebrate and socialize with family and friends. They usually find reasons for celebrations and relaxation. They have passion for talking and eating. Italians like to socialize outside and they also believe in small gathering. Now a day, in Italy a new emerging business trend is tourism that is having a turnover of around 80 million dollars per year. Italy is the fifth most popular tourist destination of the world .It averages about 46.1 million tourists every year.It is only behind France, USA, China, and Spain in terms of popularity among tourists.Italy is well known for its richness in art, cuisine , history , fashion and culture.Its geography contains long and beautiful coastline and beaches ,huge mountains and monuments. Tourism is a huge contributor in GDP of Italy .It is also one of its fastest growing industrial sector whose profit is in the range of $43 billion. Tourism organizational structure Tourism has become a great economic factor in the growth of a country. It has become all the more important since the exponential rise in leisure mobility. Cultural heritage has become pivotal for the tourists .Museums, churches, historical landscapes, urban parks, and exhibitions attract many visitors and historic-cultural amenities have seen a large wave of tourists. While this boom in the growth of tourists has been a positive impact on the local economy, such mass tourism also brings certain negative elements such as congestion, poor quality of life and local identity crisis. This tourism dilemma is more conspicuous in cities with rich cultural past such Naples etc. Violent crime rates are low in Italy compared to other European countries.Tourists need to be a little careful and use common sense and they should not encounter personal safety risks even in the less affluent neighborhoods of the large cities . There are four types of police forces in Italy:Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza, Polizia municipale. Their style of dressing varies among the cities but they are easy to spot due to their uniform and marked cars The operating sectors conducting business at the destinations With the population of more than 60 million, millions of tourists visit Italy every year to spend their holidays, enjoy the beaches and the see the sights like leaning tower of Pisa and also to get taste of an Italian lifestyle. As per the Foreign affairs ministry of Italy, this industry explicates more than half of the Italian GDP, also has impact on the employment and development or construction industry. Major attractions: The northwest Italy region, it consists of Italian Riviera, the Portofino and the Cinque Terra. These are the major historic cities of the Italy, the Turin is also called the manufacturing unite of Italy also resides in this part. This part also includes Milan, which is the famous business and fashion destination of the world. The other major attractions include landscapes of Lake Como area. The other major destinations include the Lazio and the Abruzzo city of central Italy. The Apulia and the Calabria city in southern Italy and the Sicily and the Sardinia Island around the southern Italy. Business Destinations The major destination of Italy is Milan, also called the fashion and business destination of the world. The other major business destination is Turin, which is the also known as the manufacturing city of Italy. Business Travel There all types of business travel are present in Italy, you can reach Italy through air, and all major flights come to Italy. You can choose variety of services offered by the airlines companies as per the business. There is also train route offered by inter-countries of Europe. So there of travel opportunities present to reach Italy. Lodes/Accommodations All the major international brand restaurants and hotels are present in the major touristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s destinations. You will find all types of accommodations like luxurious hotels, rented apartments and lodes. All kinds of accommodations are present as per the financial need. The Italian people are also known for its hospitality so ample opportunities of accommodation available at major tourist spots. Future for the destinations and the benefits to each community There is huge impact of tourism in the GDP of the Italy, as per the Ministry of Foreign Affairs half of the GDP of Italy is comes from tourism industry. The impacts of tourism on various sectors are given below: The tourism industry of Italy has a lot of impact on the educating the peoples as these provide likelihood to lot of peoples in the form of tour operators. So tourism also plays an important role in educating local people to get advantage from this industry. Due the tourism there is lot of developments happening day by day in the real estate, to get all modern equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s available for the tourists like world class restaurants and accommodations. Tourism has also created ample employment opportunities for the people residing near the major tourist destinations like in the form of guides, hospitality and etc. So in the near future due to major developments and role of government in protecting the historic buildings of the country would lead to further development of tourism industry. So it is going to reach bigger height in the near future. Problems Created by Customers/Tourists in Italy Being one of most desired tourist destinations in the world, Italy has to face a number of problems related to the tourism. Tourism is not always favorable when various other aspects of it, is also included. There are some significant problems which emerge due to the tourism. Mentioned below, are some of major problems at different tourist destinations of Italy, caused by he customers and tourists: Problem of vandalism and over-crowding in Rome Rome is famous for its rich architectural heritage. But due increased tourism the problem of vandalism has increased. Some of important and beautiful monuments are tampered and disfigured by some notorious tourists. Rome being the capital of Italy welcomes a huge number of tourists every year. The major problem faced by Rome is over-crowding. There places have become very crowded which has also resulted in the problem of heavy traffic. Problem of pollution in Venice The city of Venice faces lots of problems due to the excessive tourism. The flooding of the canals and lagoons with the polluted water is an alarming problem. Due to increased number people, sewage system is severely affected, with in turn pollutes the canals and lagoons. The tourists who come to attend concerts or expos cause heavy littering. Increased number of vehicles results in parking problem. Problem of inflated prices in Sicily Famous for its beautiful countryside and well preserved towns Sicily is affected economically by the increasing tourism. The prices of basic commodities and products have increased due to external influence which is a negative outcome for local residents and students unrelated to tourism business. Increase in the land pollution and congestion of narrow roads are some other problem created by the tourists. Problem of increased wastes in Naples The incoming tourists produce a lot of additional waste which has increased the environmental pollution in Naples. Increased garbage, polluted air and water bodies are some problem aroused by tourists. Solutions to the Problems at Tourist Destinations Tourism industry is an important contributor to the GDP of Italy. The problems caused by the tourists must be dealt with a proper manner without any negative impact on tourism. Mentioned below, are some of the solutions to the highlighted problems mentioned above: Problem of vandalism Solution: Installing close circuit cameras near the monuments to catch perpetrators, increasing number of guards to secure the area, making more severe laws regarding vandalism. Problem to overcrowding and traffic Solution: Put time restrictions on the tourists from outside countries for entrance in major cities like Rome, Venice, and Naples. Use of public transportation should be made mandatory for the tourists. The private transportation vehicle must only be issued in group to decrease the number of vehicles on road. Problem of heavy littering Solution: Ban the use of any substance that causes littering, inside a concert or expo. Create proper garbage collecting site near centers of concerts and expos. Increase fine for littering. Appoint extra man power to stop such notorious tourists. Problem of pollution of water bodies Solution: Improvement of sewage system of major cities, structuring it to handle the sewage generated by the population double the size. Create accommodation for the tourists at the edge of the cities. Create sewage treatment plants large enough to handle increased inflow of sewage. Summary Italy has a rich cultural heritage and it is a heaven for the tourists who love art. The beautiful mountains, lakes and landscapes make it a perfect place for the tourists to spend their vacations. The accommodation facilities are very good and affordable. The transportation system is favorable for the tourists, connecting all the major tourist destinations together. The crime rates are low which makes it a safer place for the tourists. The Grand Tour Italy is a very nice facility which allows tourists to visit and enjoy popular destination of Italy in a cost effective way. The cultural and political environment is favorable to the tourists from different countries all over the world. The flourishing tourism has made Italy to pay some external cost too. The residents are fleeing away from the island due to excessive inflow of tourist. The tourism industry has also replaced some small but significant economic sectors. Conclusion Italy is among the top tourist destinations of the world and the tourism industry is an important part of nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. The recent economic crisis has indeed slowed down the inflow of tourist, but the tourism industry is still flourishing in Italy. It has made a good recovery from the recent worldwide economic slowdown. Italy also faces the problem of excessive tourism, which has made some negative impacts. The major cities of Italy have been facing the problem of overcrowding and the pollution of all sorts. The problem of heavy traffic, congestion of urban areas, and increase in amount of wastes is rising at an alarming rate. The historical monuments and places are being highly exploited, which can lead to their degradation in coming years. The cultural influence by the outside tourists has diluted the culture of the region and the history is being distorted. But the tourism department of Italy has gone to great lengths to facilitate its tourists. They are disco vering new historical places for the art loving tourists. Although they are among the best in the world, they still need to make some changes and take some innovative steps for the sustainable development of tourism industry. Recommendation Apart from giving a boost to the economy, tourism industry of Italy has also had some negative impact. This study has highlighted some significant setbacks of excessive tourism. The government should create a proper channel to pool back the profit generated form tourism. The funding for the maintenance of important monuments must be increased. Some of structures are in fragile condition which needs special care. The inflow of tourists must be kept in check to minimize the problem of congestion and overcrowding in major cities. The tourists can be provided with an e-card to enter major tourist destination and should be charged for the same. This way the government can electronically monitor and control the flow of tourists. Through the use of latest information communication technology tools, the tourism department can create a central base for handling all the tourism activities. The development of a central base to guide the tourists and provide them help through phones and computer s can prove to be very beneficial for the Italian tourism department. Comparison between Italy and Spain The Spaniards and Italians peoples can be said as culturally similar countries, their way of approaching and greeting each other is also very similar. But both countries have lot of differences in terms of political, economic and historical we will compare both these countries in these grounds. The Spain is a political entity since form centuries may be starting of 1400 century and it had a well-established colonial empire. The Italy has got just republic and was not a colonial empire. Due to this Spaniards are having senses of Solemnity as compared to Italians on this ground. So they are probably more self-control as compared to Italians. From economic point of view both Spain and Italy are always associated with struggling investment conditions sometimes even threat of having bankrupt. On comparison Italian economy is stronger and prosperous than Spainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. In terms of tourism industry, it is only relevant income generating business activity of Spain. Tourism is also a major portion of GDP for Italy but it have also major industries like fashion industry etc. which are major players. On the basis of tourists come, in Spain tourist are mainly came for spending vacations and holidays. But in Italy people mainly come to experience the lifestyle and architectures of the ancient monuments.

Discuss the themes addressed in Over the Wall and the devices used :: English Literature

Discuss the themes addressed in Over the Wall and the devices used to express and examine these themes The play ‘Over the Wall’ is very interesting and unique, in that instead of having names for each part, the parts are numbered from 1-9. This removes all pre-conceptions you may have had of the characters. The characters keep changing to different numbers throughout the play; this is to highlight the different types of people in society. Any number can play and the narration may be shared out. The play tells the story of an island community living on an island with a wall running straight down the middle of it. These people like to keep themselves to themselves and continue with life the way it always has been led. They have totally no interest in the wall and all of the questions that go with it. Except for the one! He is the one asking all of the questions and searching for the answers. This quest is not shared at all within the island community and everyone chooses to ignore this ‘nut’. They are all happy to carry on with their daily routines in their pointless lives and see him as an outsider. At the beginning of the play it sounds almost like a fairy tale, â€Å"there was once an island†. It then twists this idea by saying, ‘if you believe it’. However it quickly shows us the real point and meaning of the play. The narrator comments on many different social members in this play and in the first narrator speech he makes a disparaging remark towards the unemployed, â€Å"everyone had a day’s work (which in those times was considered a blessing)†. He also comments on people’s attitudes in general towards the young and the elderly, â€Å"the old were looked after, as long as they didn’t outstay their welcome.† The young also were â€Å"respected as individuals – within reason.† This is so true in modern day societies. The young are not respected because they are seen as immature and the elderly because they are boring and frustratingly slow. The narrator’s first speech ends with â€Å"for, while they were not exactly happy they were not exactly unhappy either.† I think this highlights the fact that people in society are happy with their daily life being very mediocre. We put up with this because we are afraid of change. We sit on the same seat on the bus every day; we have the same routine when we get back from work. There are so many examples of these day to day rituals because we are unimaginative. The characters in the play are stereotyped defined by their language. Discuss the themes addressed in Over the Wall and the devices used :: English Literature Discuss the themes addressed in Over the Wall and the devices used to express and examine these themes The play ‘Over the Wall’ is very interesting and unique, in that instead of having names for each part, the parts are numbered from 1-9. This removes all pre-conceptions you may have had of the characters. The characters keep changing to different numbers throughout the play; this is to highlight the different types of people in society. Any number can play and the narration may be shared out. The play tells the story of an island community living on an island with a wall running straight down the middle of it. These people like to keep themselves to themselves and continue with life the way it always has been led. They have totally no interest in the wall and all of the questions that go with it. Except for the one! He is the one asking all of the questions and searching for the answers. This quest is not shared at all within the island community and everyone chooses to ignore this ‘nut’. They are all happy to carry on with their daily routines in their pointless lives and see him as an outsider. At the beginning of the play it sounds almost like a fairy tale, â€Å"there was once an island†. It then twists this idea by saying, ‘if you believe it’. However it quickly shows us the real point and meaning of the play. The narrator comments on many different social members in this play and in the first narrator speech he makes a disparaging remark towards the unemployed, â€Å"everyone had a day’s work (which in those times was considered a blessing)†. He also comments on people’s attitudes in general towards the young and the elderly, â€Å"the old were looked after, as long as they didn’t outstay their welcome.† The young also were â€Å"respected as individuals – within reason.† This is so true in modern day societies. The young are not respected because they are seen as immature and the elderly because they are boring and frustratingly slow. The narrator’s first speech ends with â€Å"for, while they were not exactly happy they were not exactly unhappy either.† I think this highlights the fact that people in society are happy with their daily life being very mediocre. We put up with this because we are afraid of change. We sit on the same seat on the bus every day; we have the same routine when we get back from work. There are so many examples of these day to day rituals because we are unimaginative. The characters in the play are stereotyped defined by their language.

Lesbian and Gay Teens Essay -- Teenagers Adolescents Homosexual Youth

Of the many emotions a gay man or woman feel, perhaps the most powerfully pervasive is fear. The fear of being found out is real enough, but the worry does not end there. There also lurks the fear of being called names, being assaulted, perhaps even killed. For adults these fears are horrible enough. For a lesbian and gay teenager, who lacks experience and life skills to cope with them, such fears can be overwhelming. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth face many problems as they realize they are homosexual. Often they don't know even one other homosexual person and feel very alone and misunderstood. They see very few role models, no one to identify with. No one knows their secrets, no one shares their pain. No one will stop others from name calling if the name calling is about homosexuality. Who would dare to speak up? No one speaks up, not in junior high and high school. College, perhaps; pride events are more easily seen then, but in high school no one speaks up. Imagine dearly loving someone else and having to keep it totally secret because if you don't you will be punished, cast out of your home by your family, not accepted by your friends, perhaps losing your job. This is the world of the lesbian and gay young person. The feelings homosexual youth face are only the beginning of the problem. As they recognize that they are different and discriminated against, they lose self esteem and become depressed. Many become suicidal and develop a feeling of extreme depression and helplessness. Homosexual youth can not speak up because of fear and misunderstanding. Not only do they face unrestricted discrimination and harassment at school, they often face similar or worse homophobia at home. Parents, unaware of their children's sexual orientation, often make cutting remarks about homosexual television characters, community members, or the orientation in general. They may not even recognize their comments, but the child is hanging on to every word, looking for at least a tiny bit of acceptance from family. Many times they find hate instead of acceptance, sometimes to the point of being kicked out of the house at age 14 or 15 when a homophobic parent does find out. This leaves them with nowhere to turn. Sometimes, what makes it so especially hard for gay teens is the very thing that protects them, their invisibility. For example, the lesbian, gay or bisexual te... ...on and independence occur then. Homosexual teen suicide, discrimination from all areas of life, and misunderstanding of homosexuality, both from the heterosexual community and from the homosexual youth who have not have access to information, would greatly reduce, or nearly disappear, if proper education was given in the schools to combat homophobia. Homosexual youth should not have to lie to hide their orientation from their parents, friends, and the rest of the community, just to stay alive. Even one teacher taking a stand for proper homosexual information in schools can make a difference. That one teacher may be the role model, one or several students needed to see to make them feel worthwhile and not suicidal. Too often though a teacher who stands up for equal rights and protection is cut down by the school administration and parents. However, even then a student may feel better that at least one person understands them and wants to fight for their rights. It can be the difference between hopelessness and a bit of hope. As more teachers, administrators, social workers, and other people speak up, the deadly silence and invisibility of homosexual youth begins to diminish.